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Background In Drosophila and many other insects, the Hox genes Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal-A (abd-A) suppress limb formation on most or all segments of the abdomen. However, a number of basal hexapod lineages retain multiple appendages on the abdomen.

Systematic Design Instruction Ebookers. In the collembolans or springtails, three abdominal segments develop specialized organs that originate from paired appendage primordia which fuse at the midline: the first abdominal segment bears the collophore (ventral tube), involved in osmoregulation; the fourth segment bears the furca, the leaping organ, and the third segment bears the retinaculum, which retains the furca at rest. Ubx and abd-A are known to be expressed in the springtail abdomen, but what role they play in specifying these distinct abdominal appendages is not known. This is largely because no genetic model has been established in collembolans or any other non-insect hexapod. Results We have developed a convenient method for laboratory culture of the collembolan Orchesella cincta on defined media, a method for in-situ hybridization to embryos and a procedure for gene knockdown by parental injection of double-stranded RNA (RNAi). We show that Orchesella Ubx transcripts are detectable in the first to third abdominal segments, and abd-A transcripts in the second to fourth segments.

Knockdown of Oc-Ubx leads to the homeotic transformation of the collophore into a pair of walking legs (a more anterior identity) but the retinaculum into a furca (a more posterior identity). Knockdown of Oc-abd-A leads to the transformation of the retinaculum into a collophore and of the furca into legs (both anterior transformations). Simultaneous silencing of both Oc-Ubx and Oc-abd-A transformed all three of these appendages into paired legs, but did not cause appendages to develop on the second, or on the most posterior abdominal segments. We Love Yoshimune Zip. Background Springtails (Collembola), Protura and Diplura, together with the insects proper, form a clade of arthropods called the Hexapoda.

A defining feature of hexapods is that their body has six legs, a pair growing from each of the three thoracic segments [, ]. In larvae and adults of the more basal hexapod lineages, such as the springtails, Protura, Diplura and wingless insects, small limbs or other appendages also develop on the abdomen.

In this respect, these basal lineages resemble many crustaceans, from some lineage of which the Hexapoda originated [–]. In the winged insects (Pterygota), abdominal appendages may develop in larvae, but are lost during metamorphosis to the adult. The abdomen of springtails comprises six segments. Three of these bear appendages, each with a unique identity [, ]. These appendages arise as paired bilateral buds on A1, A3 and A4, but in late embryos each pair fuses at the ventral midline to form a specialized organ: the collophore (also called the ventral tube) on A1 participates in water absorption [–]. It is linked by a groove in the cuticle (the ventral groove, linea ventralis) to the labial glands, which probably function as excretory organs; together, these organs may function as a bipartite 'kidney’ reducing water loss through excretion [, ]. The retinaculum on A3 functions as a clip for the furca, which is a powerful structure formed by the appendages on A4 that is used for jumping (Figure ).